ABSTRACT
The effect of financial liberalization implementation and technological development, especially after 1980's in financial globalization process,trust has begun to get more important both governments and private firms. In this process, rapid developed and integration in financial markets and variety of financial instruments, countries credit risks are increased. Due to this credit risk measurument is getting more important. In this study we aim to examine10 countries which credit risks are diffrent each other, the effects of macroeconomic and fiscal determinants on credit ratings and credit default swaps by using ordered probit model between 2007-2021.
ABSTRACT
Objective: In the early stages of any epidemic caused by new emerging pathogens healthcare personnel is subject to a great risk. Pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, proved to be no exception. Many healthcare workers died in the early stages of pandemic due to inadequate precautions and insufficient protection. It is essential to protect and maintain the safety of healthcare personnel for the confinement of pandemic as well as continuity of qualified healthcare services which is already under strain. Educating healthcare personnel on appropiate use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is as essential as procuring them. Material and Methods: A survey is conducted on 4927 healthcare personnel working solely with pediatric patients from 32 different centers. Education given on PPE usage were questioned and analyzed depending on age, sex, occupation and region. Results: Among four thousand nine hundred twelve healthcare personnel from 32 different centers 91% (n= 4457) received education on PPE usage. Of those who received education only 36% was given both theoretical and applied education. Although there was no differences among different occupation groups, receiving education depended on regions. Conclusion: It is essential to educate healthcare personnel appropiately nationwidely for the continuity of qualified healthcare services during the pandemic.
ABSTRACT
Objective: In the early stages of any epidemic caused by new emerging pathogens healthcare personnel is subject to a great risk. Pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, proved to be no exception. Many healthcare workers died in the early stages of pandemic due to inadequate precautions and insufficient protection. It is essential to protect and maintain the safety of healthcare personnel for the confinement of pandemic as well as continuity of qualified healthcare services which is already under strain. Educating healthcare personnel on appropiate use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is as essential as procuring them. Material and Methods: A survey is conducted on 4927 healthcare personnel working solely with pediatric patients from 32 different centers. Education given on PPE usage were questioned and analyzed depending on age, sex, occupation and region. Results: Among four thousand nine hundred twelve healthcare personnel from 32 different centers 91% (n=4457) received education on PPE usage. Of those who received education only 36% was given both theoretical and applied education. Although there was no differences among different occupation groups, receiving education depended on regions. Conclusion: It is essential to educate healthcare personnel appropiately nationwidely for the continuity of qualified healthcare services during the pandemic.
ABSTRACT
Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses that take their name from the thorny protrusions (Corona;Crown) on their surface in electron microscopy.They can cause respiratory,enteric,hepatic, and neurological diseases in humans and animals.Human infections are usually caused by Alpha and Beta types. Human Coronaviruses (HCoV) were first described in the 1960s,and these are mainly 229E,NL63,OC43 and HKU1 Coronaviruses, causing typical mild/moderate respiratory diseases in humans.In addition,occasional outbreaks of different severe Coronavirus infections (MERS-CoV,SARS-CoV) have been reported.Apart from these,new(novel) Coronavirus infections (2019-nCoV,SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19) have been reported which started in Wuhan,Hubei,China in December 2019 and tend to spread all over the world.In this review,it is aimed to present the epidemiological course,genetic factors,transmission,prevention of this novel Coronavirus infections with the clinical findings in adults and children,diagnosis,treatment,prevention methods and current information in our country.As of February 12,2020, 45.171 proven cases have been reported in the world and 25 different countries have been affected by this epidemic.The average incubation period of COVID-19 infection was 5.2days (1-14 days).The fatality rate was 2.5% on average in all cases,but 4.3-15% in severe or hospitalized patients.In adult cases,it begins clinically with non- specific upper respiratory tract infections such as fever,cough and weakness.In severe cases,symptoms such as pneumonia and severe respiratory failure develop within days.In laboratory findings;lymphopenia was observed in hospitalized patients,lung involvement was in almost all cases with bilateral and multilobuler and/or subsegmental consolidation. Pediatric cases were usually asymptomatic or with mild upper respiratory tract infection findings. Pneumonia has been rarely seen.Mortality has not been reported in pediatric cases.Treatment of COVID-19 mainly consists of supportive therapy. Droplet isolation measures and hand hygiene play an important role in protection.Rigorous application of infection control measures is expected to be helpful in breaking the epidemics and pandemics.